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Answer:
15 days must elapse.
Snail reaches the top of the well on the 16th day

Explanation:

Every day the snail climbs 5 meters upwards, but at night it slides 4 meters back downwards.
Hence, at the end of the day, the snail climbs up only by 1 meter.  1 entire day = 1 meter.
So it would require 15 entire days to reach up by 15 meters.
On the 16th day,  during the day-time, the snails reaches the top of the well ( 15 + 5 = 20 ).
As the snail has already reached the top of the well, it won’t slide down at night.

The considering point over here is that neither of the ropes can be folded.

Solution:

Take any of the rope , and set it on fire from both the ends. (Lets consider this as rope A)
At the same time, light up the other rope (rope B) from one end.
Now when the first rope (rope A)  gets completely burnt, light up the second rope from the other end.
When the second rope completely burns, the entire process from the beginning would have taken 45 minutes.

Explanation:
It would take exactly 30 minutes for the rope A to completely burn when set on fire from both the ends.
At the same time rope B is also set on fire from on end.
So, when rope completely burns, rope B would’ve exactly burnt through it’s half way.
Rope B would still require 30 more minutes to burn completely.
By now we have measured 30 minutes, and now we need 15 more minutes.
So now, light up the other end of rope B.
Rope B would burn completely by 15 minutes.
Thus, 30 + 15 = 45

The trick here is to think out of the box.

No matter whatever combination you try, you’ll still be left with a bowl containing even number sugar lumps.

Here’s the trick:
Step 1)
Bowl1 : 2 sugar lumps
Bowl2 : 3 sugar lumps
Bowl3 : 5 sugar lumps

Step2)
Put the Bowl2 in Bowl1.
Now Bowl1 has : 2+3 =5 sugar lumps
Hence, all the bowls have odd number of sugar lumps.

Mr. Jacob is driving in the morning.

Generalised way:
Sun rises from the east.
He can figure out North according to the Sun’s direction.

Considering the climate:
As it is a icy cold morning, so most probably it’s winter over there.
In winter, the sun rises from the South-East.

James is 7 years old.

Jacob – 5
John – 5
James – 7
5*5*7=175