Measure exactly 4 cups of sugar
You are in a cookie factory, and need to make a huge batch of chocolate chip cookies. The recipe calls for exactly 4 cups of sugar. Problem is that you have two buckets. One is 5 cups, the other is 3 cups. Using these buckets, can you measure exactly 4 cups of sugar? How?
This is possible, and there are 2 ways to do it: Solution 1: Fill the 3 cup bucket, pour it into the 5 cup bucket. Fill the 3 cup bucket again, and pour it into the 5 cup bucket until the 5 cup bucket is full. That will leave exactly 1 cup of sugar in the 3 cup bucket. Dump out the 5 cup bucket, and dump the 1 cup from the 3 cup bucket into the empty 5 cup bucket. This leaves 1 cup in the 5 cup bucket. Now fill the 3 cup again and add it to the 5 cup bucket. Now you have exactly 4 cups of sugar in the 5 cup bucket! Solution 2: Fill the 5 cup bucket. Pour it into the 3 cup bucket. This leaves 2 cups in the 5 cup bucket. Dump out the 3 cup bucket. Now pour the 2 cups from the 5 cup into the 3 cup. Refill the 5 cup. Now pour the 5 cup into the 3 cup until the 3 cup is full. That will leave exactly 4 cups in the 5 cup bucket!
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